Indian Temple Architecture

The Gupta temples, such as the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh, featured intricate stone carvings depicting various gods and goddesses. The temple was designed as a miniature mountain, with multiple tiers representing different celestial realms. 

In South India, a distinct style of temple architecture called Dravidian architecture emerged around the 7th century CE. Dravidian temples, such as the Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur, are characterized by their towering gopurams or entrance gateways, intricate sculptures, and vast pillared halls. These temples are often enclosed within a complex consisting of multiple concentric prakarams or courtyards.

Another notable style of Indian temple architecture is the Hoysala style, which flourished in present-day Karnataka between the 11th and 14th centuries CE. Hoysala temples, such as the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, are famous for their intricate stone carvings, including depictions of gods, goddesses, and mythical creatures. The temples are known for their star-shaped plans and the highly ornate outer walls.

Apart from their architectural beauty, Indian temples hold immense religious and cultural significance. They serve as centers of worship, bringing together devotees and priests in rituals and ceremonies. The temple complexes often include other structures such as tanks, shrines dedicated to various deities, and halls for religious discourses and performances.

Indian temple architecture also reflects the philosophy and cosmology of Hinduism. The layout and design of the temples are based on ancient texts known as Vastu Shastra, which prescribe guidelines for sacred architecture. The intricate carvings on the temple walls depict episodes from Hindu mythology, conveying moral and spiritual teachings.

In conclusion, Indian temple architecture is a testament to the rich cultural and religious heritage of India. With its diverse styles and forms, it showcases the creativity and craftsmanship of ancient and medieval architects. These temples continue to be revered as sacred spaces, attracting pilgrims and tourists from around the world. The intricacy of the carvings, the grandeur of the structures, and the spiritual ambience make Indian temple architecture a truly captivating and awe-inspiring art form.

INDIAN CULTURE

                 INDIAN CULTURE

◖INTRODUCTION◗ 　                                                                                                                           ✥  The culture of india is an amalgamation of sub- cultures spread all over the Indian sub-continent and traditions.

✥  They are several millennian old.

✥  Several elements of India's diverse culture such as indian religious, yoga, cuit, clothing, festivals, languages and etc.

◖NAMASKAR◗ 　

✥  Common spoken greeting.

✥  Salutation-namaskaram, vanakkam(tamil), assalam alaikum(urdu/Persian), sat shri akal(punjabi). 

◖RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUALITY◗

 ✥   Idian is birth place of many religious.

✥  Like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and etc.

✥  Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's 3rd and 4th largest religious.

◖LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE◗ 

✥  There are many languages as india being the multi religious society.

✥  Sanskrit, telugu, hindi, malayalam, kannada.

✥  Hindi the official language of india.

◖FOOD AND SPICES◗

✥  India is known for its love for food and spices.

✥  Indian cuisine categories are northern, southern, eastern, western and etc.

✥  India is the worlds second largest producer of food after china. 

◖MARRIAGE◗ 　

✥  For centuries, arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society.

✥  They also demand dowry.

✥  It has been outlawed by the Indian government.

◖FESTIVALS◗ 

✥  India is multi-cultural and multi-religious society.

✥  Celebrates festival's of various religions.

✥  Many states and religions have different festivals depending on the religions.

✥  Such as navaratri, diwali, ganesh chaturthi, durga puja, holi, rakshabandhan, dussehra and ramzan.

◖EPICS◗ 　

✥  The oldest well-known epics of India.

✥  Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

◖SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE◗ 

　

✥  Sculpture in India date back to the indus valley civilization.

✥  Where stone and bronze figures have been discovered.

✥  Indian temple carvings are world famous.

◖PAINTING◗ 　

✥  The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings.

✥  Cave paintings such as ajantha, ellora and temple paintings.

✥  These paintings testify to a love of naturalism.

◖AGRICULTURE◗ 　

✥  India is one of the glo✤bal leaders in the agriculture.

✥  The second largest producer of rice and wheat in the world.

✥  India is one of the greatest producer of cotton, sugarcane, peanuts, jute, tea, spices, pulses etc.

◖CLOTHING◗ 　

✥  Traditional clothing in India generally varies.

✥  Different parts of the country have different styles of dressing.

✥  Such as sari, churidar for women.

✥  For men dhoti, trousers and shirts etc.

◖MUSIC AND DANCE◗ 　

✥  The music of India includes multiple varieties of religious. Folk, pop and classical music.

✥  There are many well-known dance forms.

Kuchipudi-andhra pradesh, bharatanatyam- Tamilnadu, kathak, kathakali, etc.

KALA GHODA ART FESTIVAL🐎

            KALA GHODA ART FESTIVAL🐎🎨

Crypto car, A car with keyboard buttons aims to create awareness of the rise of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the art world. The art installation by hetal shukla.The artist believes the future of art is in cyberspace and now is the time to start a dialogue on this opportunity for artists as well as art lovers, at Kala Ghoda Arts Festival, in Mumbai.

The common man, riding the white horse at Kala Ghoda art installation at Kala Ghoda Arts festival.                    

Creativity with Matchbox Collection at Kala Ghoda Art Festival 2023.

The Rising of the Phoenix, The art installation is made by artists at Wandering Whites Handcrafted Jewellery. They have used elements that have either been discarded or have outgrown their purpose and have transformed them into jewellery, at Kala Ghoda Arts Festival, in Mumba

This art installation by Sumeet Sanjay Patil is an ode to the cleverness of the 'thirsty crow'. The bird's wings have the tale's inscription hand-painted. In the tale, the thirsty crow is not able to drink water from a jug of water. He then fills it up with small stones till the water level rises and he can drink it, at Kala Ghoda Arts Festival. 

The installation comprises two horses — one black, and the other white — and the medium used is mild steel with a Patina, at Kala Ghoda Arts Festival, in Mumbai. The 'Horse' installation by artist Swapnil Shivaji Godase and team is a symbolic representation of courage and freedom.

FARMERS SUICIDES

                                                                  FARMERS SUICIDES

INTRODUCTION

• In 2014 the national crime records bureau of india reported 5,650 farmers suicides. 

• The farmers suicide rate in India has ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 tatal population over a 10 year period through 2005.

• The number of suicides by farmers and farm labourers increased to 12,360 in 2014, against 11,772 in 2013.

• The high number of suicides shows that farmer suicide in India is a major issue which needs to be tackled immediately using the right methods.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

• 70% cut in the royalties that the local farms pay Monsanto for its cotton seeds.

• Pradhan mantri krishi sinchai yojana. 

- To improve irrigation in the country.

- Enable agriculture to become resistant to the vagaries of indian monsoon.

- Micro-irrigation projects (" Har khet ko pani")

- End to end irrigation solutions.

• Pradhan mantri fasal beema yojna (crop insurance for farmers).

• Relief to farmers in imput subsidy it 33% of their crop has been damaged.

• The imput subsidy given to distressed farmers will be enhanced by 50% of the existing amounts. 

• Soil health card : crop-wise recommendations of nutrients and fertilizers required for the individual farms to help farmers to improve productivity through proper use of inputs.

SOME STEPS SUGGESTEDBY COURTS

• Settle all pending case's and reopen all old cases that were dealt with unsatisfactory.

• Include farmers and also tenant farmers in all government support schemes, and loan waiver schemes.

• Receive sustainable modes of agriculture and support agro-ecological agriculture.

• Stop prompting private money lenders and make low interest loans available through government owned banks.

WAY FORWARD

• Effective implementation of water water management techniques (irrigation and drip irrigation).

• Reduce dependence of agriculture on nature.

• Timely funds should be made available to needy farmers.

• Technical support to farmers to enhance agriculture productivity.

• Organic farming should be encouraged rather than chemical fertilizers.

• Community farming for farmers with small land holdings.

• Direct benefit transfer for subsidies.

• Effective provision of loans to farmers. So that exploitation by money lenders can be checked.

• Education and vocational trening to farmers and their families would be helpful in social and cultural awakening.